规划细节
Planning Details
若决定建设大棚猪舍,那么生产者应该把这个项目作为一个新建场对待。需要考虑的方面包括选址;运输饲料、垫料和猪只的合理路径;在现有体系中的作用;与邻居的距离;服务和公用设施的便利性;以及该大棚猪舍与现有建筑结合使用的可能性。若为多个大棚猪舍,则相互之间至少要有10英尺(3米)的空间,以便于拖拉机在猪舍之间移动、除雪和排水。
Producers who decide to build a hoop structure need to treat the construction project as they would any project involving a new structure. Aspects to consider include site selection; proper access to move feed, bedding, and pigs; usefulness within an existing operation; proximity to neighbors; availability of services and utilities; and the possibility of using the structure in conjunction with existing buildings. Provide at least 10 feet of space between multiple hoop structures to allow space for tractors to travel between buildings, snow removal, and drainage.
大棚猪舍是自然通风的,应该利用夏季主风向。对于美国中西部的大部分地区来说,猪舍应朝向南北方向,以利用夏季主导风向。夏季风应该从南侧(饲料和饮水位于此处)进入猪舍并从北侧排出。
Hoop structures are naturally ventilated and should be sited to take advantage of the summer prevailing winds. For much of the midwest, the structure is oriented in a north-south direction to take advantage of the prevailing summer winds. Prevailing summer winds should blow into the south end of the building where the feeders and waterers are located and exit on the north.
在生长育肥猪的大棚猪舍中,应该修建一个15- 25英尺(4.6-7.6米)长的混凝土区域,或约是猪舍长度的1/4到1/3,用于猪只采食和饮水。这个区域的宽度应该和猪舍一样宽,并向南(远离垫料区的方向)倾斜1%到2%(每英尺长度下降1/8到1/4英寸)。雨水和污水必须储存并在田间施用。
In a grow-finish hoop structure, a 15- to 25-foot long concrete pad, or approximately 1/4 to 1/3 the length of the structure, is provided for feeders and waterers. This pad should extend the entire width of the structure. In such a location, the pad is sloped 1% to 2% (1/8-inch to 1/4-inch drop per foot of length) to the south, or away from the bedded area. The runoff must be stored and field applied.
典型的大棚结构是30x72英尺(9*22米),可以容纳大约180头肥育猪。图3展示了生长育肥猪大棚猪舍的常见布局。饲养密度通常为每头猪12平方英尺(1.1平方米)。表2显示了大棚猪舍中典型的空间分布情况。
A typical hoop structure is 30x72 ft and holds approximately 180 head of finishing pigs in one large group. Figure 3 shows a common layout for a grow-finish hoop structure. Stocking density usually is about 12 square feet per pig. Table 2 shows the typical space distribution in a hoop structure used for housing grow-finish pigs.
图3:生长育肥猪大棚猪舍的常见布局。
Figure 3: Common layout of a grow-finish hoop structure. Source: Based on Figure 3, Hoop Structures for Grow-Finish Swine, AED41.
表2:生长-育肥猪大棚猪舍中典型的空间分布情况。注:炎热天气可能需要额外的饮水器。
Table 2: Space distribution in a hoop structure used for grow-finish housing. Note: In hot weather, additional waters may be added. Source: Table 1, Hoop Structures for Grow-Finish Swine, AED-41.
大棚猪舍猪高度以下的端墙由挡板或栏门构成。为了减少冬天的贼风,这些门可以用防水油布、镀锌钢板、回收塑料或胶合板覆盖。使用商用油布或胶合板把垫料区那一头的端墙封闭起来以减少冬天的贼风。许多生产者,特别是在美国的北部,在寒冷的天气会封闭北侧的端墙。还有一些生产者可能会在寒冷的天气关闭南北两侧的端墙。然而,将猪舍封闭的太严反而比让猪舍开放更容易造成问题。在夏天,两端都是完全开放的,把端墙的钢、塑料或胶合板拆除,以增加经过猪区域的气流。
Livestock panels or gates form the endwalls at animal level. To reduce drafts in the winter, these gates can be covered with tarps, sheets of galvanized steel, recycled plastic, or plywood. The bedded end endwalls are closed to reduce winter winds using commercially available tarps or plywood sheets. Many producers close the north end in cold weather, especially in northern climates of the United States. Some producers may close both ends in cold weather; however, closing the structure too tightly can cause more of a problem than leaving it open. In the summer, both ends are totally open, with the steel, plastic, or plywood panels removed from the end gating to increase airflow in the pig zone.