猪只管理
Managing the Pigs
猪的生长性能。一般情况下,大棚猪舍的采食量比封闭式猪舍的采食量高,特别是在冬季。冬季所需额外的饲料量因猪场、气候和季节极端情况而不同。通常情况下,在第一、二次使用大棚猪舍时,生产者可提供与封闭式猪舍饲养的猪所需的同等量的饲料,待出现明显的采食量增加时,再进行调节。有些生产者会开始根据营养密度调整日粮,期望提高采食量。在冬天,估计每增加一磅活体重需要多采食0.3磅饲料,或者说比封闭式猪舍多10%的饲料。在夏季,估计大棚猪舍所需饲料量不会有差别,或者每增加一磅活体重需要多采食0.1磅饲料。全年综合来说,在大棚猪舍中,估计每增加一磅活体重需要多采食0.2磅饲料。
Pig performance. Feed intake is often more in hoops than confinement, particularly in the winter. The amount of additional winter feed varies between farms, climate, and seasonal extremes. Typically, for the first one or two uses of a hoop structure, the producer provides the same diet as for pigs in confinement buildings until a clear pattern of elevated feed intake emerges. Some producers are now beginning to adjust diets for nutrient density with an expectation of elevated feed intake. In winter, a good estimate is that 0.3 lb more feed will be needed per pound of live weight gain, or about 10% more feed as compared to confinement buildings. In the summer, a good estimate is that there will be no difference or a 0.1 lb more feed per lb of gain in hoop structures. For a yearly estimate, use 0.2 lb more feed per lb of gain in hoop structures.
根据冬季和夏季的经验,大棚猪舍饲养的猪比封闭式猪舍饲养的猪在第十肋处的背膘平均厚0.1英寸(2.5毫米)。日均增重方面,大棚猪舍和封闭式猪舍一样好,如果猪更健康的话,大棚猪舍日增重可能会更高。深层垫料和额外的活动空间对猪群的社交结构和行为产生了积极影响。行为研究表明,大棚猪舍饲养的猪比封闭式猪舍饲养的猪更少表显现出应激环境下会产生的不良行为。大多数生产者的销售周期为三到四周。也就是说,从卖出第一头猪到卖出最后一头猪需要三到四周的时间。180头猪里面会有大约5头猪达不到最低出栏重。这个结果与封闭式猪舍是相似的。
On the basis of experiences in both winter and summer, backfat is estimated to average 0.1 inch more at the tenth rib for pigs raised in hoop structures compared to pigs raised in confinement. Average daily gain for hoop-housed pigs is as good as that of confinement pigs and may be greater if the pigs are healthier. The deep bedding and additional floor space probably positively affect the social structure and behavior to allow for such a large group size. Behavior research has shown that hoop pigs exhibit fewer stereotypical behaviors that are signs of a stressful environment than confinement pigs. A majority of producers report a three to four-week marketing range. That is, the time from the sale of the first pig to the removal of the last pig is three to four weeks. With 180 pigs, this usually means that approximately five pigs do not reach minimum market weight. These results are similar to those obtained in confinement operations.
健康。大棚猪舍中的猪的健康状况总体良好。研究报告称,大棚猪舍中猪的死亡损失最小,通常比封闭式猪舍的死亡损失要低。呼吸系统的问题微乎其微。到目前为止,经验表明,许多品系的猪都能适应大棚猪舍。大棚猪舍长期使用时,垫料下会聚集病原体。如果猪在进入设施之前没有驱虫或者本身不是无寄生虫的,那么长期以往,蛔虫也可能成为一个健康问题。如果有寄生虫问题,可以将一层土壤移走,换上一层添加石灰粉的新土壤。建议对体内和体外寄生虫采用常规监测程序。
Health. The health of pigs in hoop structures is generally good. Studies report that death loss has been minimal in hoop structures and is often lower than in confinement buildings. Respiratory problems have been minimal. To date, experiences have shown that a wide variety of pig genetics are adaptable to hoop structures. Pathogens could build up in the dirt floor under the bedded pack with long-term use. Roundworms can be an additional long-term health management concern if the pigs are not wormed or parasite free before entering the facility. If parasites become a concern, a layer of soil can be removed and replaced with a new layer with lime added. A routine monitoring program for both external and internal parasites is recommended.
猪的转移和管理。由于猪是大群生活在有垫料的猪舍内,因此,经常巡栏,并查看每头猪的健康状况是很重要的。单在猪舍内浏览是很难看到每头猪的情况的。生产者应该每天检查猪群。为了方便转移猪只,大棚猪舍的栏门必须要便于使用并且能帮助把猪分群。
Pig handling and management. Because the pigs are in a large group in a bedded setting, it is important to walk through them frequently to check the health status of each pig. It is very difficult to check all of the pigs by looking into the structure. Producers should check their pigs daily. To facilitate animal handling, a hoop structure needs to have a good gating system with some type of sorting area.
栏门的设计必须能:
The gating system must be able to:
• 卖猪时便于分群
Sort animals for market.
• 能关闭尚不出售的猪。
Hold back smaller animals not going to market.
• 将生病的猪与其他猪群分开。由于大棚猪舍的布局和猪群规模较大, 对猪的识别、转移和/或治疗可能比较困难。
Separate sick animals from the larger group. Because of the layout of hoop structures and large group sizes, identifying, removing, and/or treating sick animals can be difficult.
有些情况下,可以在已有的混凝土台旁边建造大棚猪舍,把这个混凝土台用作分群使用。而有的情况下就必须额外投资,再修建一个用于分群的区域。据生产者说,在大棚猪舍饲养的猪,在所需设备设施充足的情况下,能很好的进行分群和装车。如果一个猪场有1-3个大棚猪舍,那么可移动的装猪台可以很好地提高出栏猪装车的效率。如果一个猪场有3个以上的大棚猪舍,那么固定的出猪设施则更可取。
In some instances, hoop structures have been constructed next to an existing concrete pad, and the existing pad has been used for sorting. In other instances, additional expense is necessary to construct a sorting area. Producers report that pigs from hoops sort and load well with adequate facilities. Portable loading chutes are effective for loading market animals if one to three hoop buildings are being used. If an operation has more than three hoop structures, a permanent loading facility is more efficient.