预算和人工问题
Budget and Labor Issues
表4展示了人工、运营和固定成本的范围。此外,胴体质量会影响肉品加工厂的报价。对这些方面的了解可以使生产者对大棚猪舍和其他类型的猪舍进行策略性的比较和选择。封闭式猪舍的固定成本按总投资的13.2%计算,大棚猪舍的固定成本按总投资的16.5%计算。封闭式猪舍的折旧年限为15年(每年6.7%),大棚猪舍的折旧年限为10年(每年10%)。两种体系的假定利率均为10%(初始投资的5%)。垫料成本是每头猪200磅玉米杆。封闭式猪舍和大棚猪舍之间0.2的料重比差异是基于之前的研究和生产者的经验所得。
Table 4 shows cost ranges for labor, operating, and fixed costs. In addition, carcass quality can affect the price offered by a packer. Knowledge of these items will enable producers to strategically compare hoop buildings to other options. Fixed costs are calculated at 13.2% of total investment for confinement and 16.5% for hoops. Confinement facilities are depreciated over 15 years (6.7% annually), while hoops are depreciated over 10 years (10% annually). An interest rate of 10% is assumed for both systems (5% of initial investment). Bedding cost is at the rate of 200 lb of cornstalks per pig. Feed efficiency difference of 0.2 between the hoop and confinement system is based on previous studies and swine producer observations.
表4:估算成本。生长育肥猪大棚猪舍。
Table 4: Estimated costs. Based on Table 4, Hoop Structures for Grow-Finish Swine, AED-41.
人工需求。对养猪生产体系来说,人工需求是一项高度可变投入。根据猪场的布局、自动化水平、使用时间和设施条件等因素的不同,其所需的人工也是不同的。表4还显示了各项工作的劳动估计量。通常,产生固体粪肥的生产体系被认为比产生液态粪肥的生产体系所需的人工更多。使用机械处理大捆垫料的大棚猪舍所需的人工与传统的养猪体系所需人工量是一样的。大棚猪舍所需的人工量可能比新建的、设计良好的封闭式猪舍所需的人工稍多一些,主要是因为大棚猪舍必须要有成捆的秸秆运输至猪场并放入猪舍中作为垫料。这个差异约为0.1小时每头猪。
Labor requirements. Labor requirements are a highly variable input to swine production systems. Labor varies from farm to farm depending on the layout, level of automation, age and condition of facilities, and other factors. Table 4 also shows some estimated amounts of labor for various tasks. Frequently, production systems with solid manure are viewed as systems that require more labor than production systems with liquid manure. In hoop structures with full-width end access and large bedding bales handled mechanically, the amount of labor required is comparable to the labor needs of conventional systems. Labor needs with hoop structures are probably slightly more than they are in new, well designed confinement systems primarily because large bales of bedding must be hauled and placed into the hooped structure. This difference is estimated at 0.1 hour more per pig.
然而,对大棚猪舍来说,所需的人工类型是完全不同的。这些人工所负责的工作主要包括给猪提供垫料、检查猪群、清理垫草。每天巡栏是至关重要的;对于有深层垫草的大型猪群来说,对猪的持续观察是成功的关键。
The type of labor, however, is quite different for hoop structures. It includes bedding the pigs, checking the pigs, and bedding pack clean out. Walking the bedding area daily to check pigs is crucial; with large groups of deep-bedded pigs, consistent observation of pigs is critical for success.
成本分析。表5展示了封闭式猪舍和大棚猪舍的成本分析比较。成本因所处位置和材料的可获取性而异,所以我们建议您在“自我估算”一栏中做自己的预算,以反映您的运营情况。可以使用表4来帮助估计成本。
Cost analysis. Table 5 shows a cost analysis comparing confinement and hoop buildings. Costs vary depending on location and availability of materials, so you are encouraged to prepare your own budget in the Your Estimate column with values that reflect your operation. Use Table 4 to help estimate your costs.
表5:上市猪成本比较。生长-育肥猪大棚猪舍。
Table 5: Market swine cost comparison. Based on Table 5, Hoop Structures for Grow-Finish Swine, AED-41.
对于每个猪位的建设成本,表5使用了封闭式猪舍每头猪180美元,而大棚猪舍每头猪55美元。两种体系都按照每年生产2.8批猪计算。两种体系的饲料和粪污处理设备的投入是一样的。同样,根据体系设计和所处位置等的不同,这些估计值在您的猪场中可能会有所不同。
The comparisons in Table 5 use a cost of $180 per pig space for a confinement system compared to $55 per pig space for a hoop structure. Each system has 2.8 groups of pigs produced per year. Investment in manure and feed handling equipment is the same for each system. Again, depending upon alterations in system design, location, etc., these values may differ for your operation.
封闭式猪舍的固定成本按总投资的13.2%计算,而大棚猪舍的固定成本按总投资的16.5%计算。两种体系的利率均为10%(平均投资的5%),保险和税为1.5%。
Fixed costs are calculated at 13.2% of investment for a confinement facility and 16.5% for the hooped facility. The interest rate is 10% (5% on average investment), with insurance and taxes at 1.5% for both facility types.
封闭式猪舍的平均使用寿命是15年。由于大棚结构作为养猪圈舍使用还是一种相对较新的做法,目前尚未有完整的预期使用寿命数据;目前最可靠的预测是大棚猪舍的使用寿命为至少10年。
Life expectancy, on average, is 15 years for a confinement building. Because the use of hoop structures as swine housing is a relatively new practice, life expectancy data are not complete; the best estimate is that hoop structures will last at least 10 years.
饲料、修理、垫料等的估算都是基于爱荷华州立大学的数据。垫料的成本是按照每头猪200磅碎玉米秆估算的。每捆1200磅重的秸秆,按照12.00美元每捆计算,成本为每磅1美分。利息按照10%估算,包括4个月架子猪的成本和2个月除人工外其他运营成本的费用。
Feed, repairs, bedding, etc., are based on Iowa State University data. The bedding cost is for the rate of 200 lb of shredded cornstalks per pig. A 1,200 lb bale at $12.00 per bale provides a cost of 1¢ per lb. Interest is at 10%, covering 4 months for the feeder pig and 2 months for the other operating costs excluding labor.
封闭式猪舍的料重比按照每磅增重消耗3.1磅饲料,大棚猪舍的料重比按照每磅增重消耗3.3磅饲料,两者相差0.2。 研究表明,饲料效率的年度差异为0.1磅到0.3磅。猪场所处位置会影响到这些估计值,因为在北方的冬季,饲料效率往往会受到最大的影响。包括清粪在内的人工需求(工作时间),封闭式猪舍估计为每头猪12分钟,大棚猪舍估计为每头猪18分钟。
Feed efficiency is 3.1 lb of feed per pound of gain in confinement and 3.3 lb for the hoop facility; for a difference of 0.2 lb more for the hoop structure. Studies have shown an annual difference of 0.1 lb to 0.3 lb. Location can affect these values, as feed efficiency tends to be affected the most during the winter months in the northern climates. Labor requirements, including manure removal, are assumed to be 12 minutes per pig for confinement and 18 minutes per pig for the hooped structure.
封闭式猪舍中的猪背膘少0.1英寸(2.5毫米)会有1.5美元的瘦肉溢价。也即每100磅体重溢价为0.6美元,一头250磅(113公斤)的猪溢价为1.5美元。
A lean premium of $1.50 per pig is based on less backfat of 0.1 inches for pigs in the confinement system. This would provide a premium of $0.60 per CWT live weight or $1.50 for a 250 lb pig。